EfektivitasLaPazAgreementdalamMeningkatkanKualitasLingkunganHidupdiPerbatasanAmerikaSerikatdanMeksiko padaTahun2013-2020
Abstract
Penelitianinimerupakanpenelitiandeskriptifdenganpendekatankualitatifyangberusaha membuktikan keefektifitasan rezim La Paz Agreement dalam meningkatkankualitaslingkunganhidupdiperbatasanAmerikaSerikatdanMeksikodenganmenggunakanteoriefektivitasrezim yang dikemukakanolehUnderdalpadatahun 2001.Ribuankendaraan yang melintasiperbatasan meninggalkan polusi yang merusakkualitasudaradisepanjangwilayahperbatasan.Tidakhanyaitu,sampahyangberserakan di sepanjang sudut kota, kualitas sanitasi yang buruk, hingga rendahnyakemampuan masyarakat untuk mengolah limbah menjadikan kualitas lingkungan diwilayah perbatasan Amerika Serikat dan Meksiko dikhawatirkan oleh banyak pihak.Padaakhirnya,padatahun1984AmerikaSerikatdanMeksikosepakatuntukmemperbaiki keadaan lingkungan yang ada di wilayah perbatasan dengan membentukrezimLaPazAgreementyangdalampengimplementasiannyadilakukandenganmembentukprogram-programdalamjangkawaktutertentu.AmerikaSerikatdanMeksiko turut menggandeng berbagai pihak mulai dari lembaga pemerintahan, NGO,hinggakomunitaslokaluntukmemperluasjangkauannyadanmenghasilkan113proyek yang berfokus untuk menurunkan kualitas polusi udara, meningkatkan akses keairbersih,mengolahlimbahsampah,menciptakanaksicepattanggap,hinggamemberikanedukasiterkaitbahayanyakualitaslingkunganyangburuk.Proyek-proyektersebutkemudianberhasilmenurunkanAQIhingga18%danbakteriyangadadiNewRiversebanyak 24%.MeskipunLa Paz Agreement dikategorikansebagairezim yang efektif, namunmasihterdapatobjektifdarirezimini yang tidakmemilikiproyekpengimplementasiannyasehingga para anggotarezimdiharapkanuntuklebihtelitidalammenciptakanproyeksehinggaseluruhpermasalahandapatdiselesaikandengantuntas.
Kata Kunci: Efektivitas, La Paz Agreement, Border 2020, Perbatasan, danLingkunganHidup
References
De,GoedeleKeersmaeker.2017.Polarity,BalanceofPowerandInternationalRelationsTheory:Post-ColdWarandthe19thCentury Compared. Switzerland:PalgraveMacmillan.https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/81034
EnvironmentalProtectionAgency.1996.US-MexicoBorderXXIProgram: Framework Document.https://books.google.co.id/books?id=3xNkAAAAMAAJ&pg=RA2-PA1&hl=id&source=gbs_toc_r&cad=4#v=onepage&q=borderxxi&f=false.
Nazir, Mohammad. 2011.MetodePenelitian.Ghalia Indonesia.
Noll,ArthurHoward.1890.AShortHistoryofMexico.Chicago:A.C.McClurg.https://books.google.ca/books?id=3NICAAAAYAAJ&hl=id&source=gbs_book_other_versions.
Sugiyono.2011.MetodePenelitianKuantitatif, Kualitatifdan R&D.Afabeta.
Underdal, Arild. 2001. EnvironmentalRegimeEffectiveness:ConfrontingTheorywithEvidence.Massachusetts.
JurnaldanArtikel:
Bnamericas.2015.“SecretaríadeMedioAmbienteyRecursosNaturales de Los Estados UnidosMexicanos.”2015.
Border, Southern. 2021. “The SouthernBorderRegionataGlance.”BorderLens.2021.https://www.southernborder.org/border_lens_southern_border_region_at_a_glance.
Congressman Bruce Westerman. 2021.“TheEnvironmentalCostoftheBorder Crisis.”
https://westerman.house.gov/media-center/in-the-news/environmental-cost-border-crisis.
Environmental ProtectionAgency.“ResearchMilestones.”https://www.epa.gov/research-milestones.
EnvironmentalProtectionAgency.2022. “Wildfire Smoke and YourPatients’ Health: The Air QualityIndex.”2022.
https://www.epa.gov/wildfire-smoke-course/wildfire-smoke-and-your-patients-health-air-quality-index.
Environmental Protection Agency. n.d.“OriginofEPA.”https://www.epa.gov/history.
EPA.2022.“OurMissionandWhatWe Do Our Mission.”2022.https://www.epa.gov/aboutepa/our-mission-and-what-we-do.
Geographic, National. n.d.“U.S.-Mexico Border.”Photograph.https://www.nationalgeographic.org/media/tijuana-border-fence/print/#:~:text=TheborderbetweentheUnitedasignorafence.
Harahap, Junardi, 2018. “Border Area and National Security Issues.” Central European Journal of International and Security Studies 12 (4): 214-223. https:’’cejiss.org/images/issue_articles/2018-volume12-
issue-4/13-border-area-and-national-security-issues.pdf
IQAir. 2022. “PM10.”2022.
https://www.iqair.com/us/blog/air-quality/pm10.
Mumme, Stephen & Kimberly Collins.2014. “The La Paz Agreement 30YearsOn.”TheJournalofEnvironment&Development23(3): 303–30.https://www.jstor.org/stable/26197933?read-now=1&refreqid=excelsior%3A43a7b6e6a8d55916542f64d5a2b0cf46&seq=1.
OfficeoftheUnitedStatesTradeRepresentative. n.d. “Economy &Trade.”https://ustr.gov/issue-areas/economy-trade.
SEMARNAT.2017.“MisiónyVisiónde LaSemarnat.”2017.https://www.gob.mx/semarnat/acciones-y-programas/mision-y-vision-de-la-semarnat.
Society,TheAerosol.n.d.“TheOverlooked CrisisOnThe U.S.-MexicoBorder.”https://aerosol-soc.com/research/overlooked-crisis-u-s-mexico-border/.
Sun,TheDesert.2018.“ThePollutedNewRiverPosesaHazardonU.S.-Mexico Border.” 2018. https://www.desertsun.com/in-depth/news/environment/border-pollution/poisoned-cities/2018/12/05/toxic-new-river-long-neglect-mexico-border-calexico-mexicali/1381599002/.
The Border Center. n.d. “InternationalTreatiesandAgreements.”https://www.bordercenter.org/treaties.php#:~:text=Itestablishedsixworkgroups%2C with,andcooperativeenforcementandcompliance.
TheStoryofTexas.2016.“Adams-OnísTreaty|BullockTexasStateHistoryMuseum.”https://www.thestoryoftexas.com/discover/artifacts/adams-onis-treaty.
The Texas Tribune and Reveal. 2013.“U.S.andMexicoStruggletoCleanUpRioGrande,”2013.https://www.texastribune.org/2013
/10/23/us-and-mexico-struggle-clean-rio-grande/.
TheU.S.NationalArchivesandRecordsAdministration.2022.“TheTreatyofGuadalupeHidalgo.”2022.
White House. 2008. “U.S.-Mexico BorderMap.”2008.https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/infocus/usmxborder/map.html.
World Health Organization. 2018.“Arsenic.”2018.
https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/arsenic.
Laporan:
AS/COA.2013.“OurBorder&theEconomy.”https://www.as-coa.org/sites/default/files/USMexicoBorderFactSheet.pdf.
Commission forEnvironmentalCooperation.2016.“ReducingAirPollutionatLandPortsofEntry:Recommendations forCanada, MexicoandtheUnitedStates.”http://www.cec.org/files/documents/publications/11656-reducing-air-pollution-land-ports-entry-recommendations-canada-mexico-and-united-en.pdf.
EnvironmentalProtectionAgency.2010.“Border2012:U.S.-MexicoEnvironmental Program,State oftheBorderRegionIndicators Report2010.”
https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/documents/border-2012_indicator-rpt_eng.pdf.
Environmental ProtectionAgency.2013.“CommunicationStrategyforBorder 2020.”https://19january2017snapshot.epa.gov/sites/production/files/documents/comm-strategy-b2020_1.pdf.
EnvironmentalProtectionAgency.2020. “Report: ManagementControlsNeededtoVerifyandReport Border 2020ProgramAccomplishments.”https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2020-02/documents/_epaoig_20200218-20-p-0083.pdf.
Environmental Protection Agency.2021.“AirQualityIndexReport.”https://www.epa.gov/outdoor-air-quality-data/air-quality-index-report.
EnvironmentalProtectionAgency.n.d.“LaPazAgreement.”https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2015-09/documents/lapazagreement.pdf
Peter Wijninga, Willem TheoOosterveld, Jan Hendrik GaldigaandPhilippMarten.2014.“4Stateand Non-State Actors: Beyond theDichotomy.”https://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep12608.8?seq=1#metadata_info_tab_contents.
SEMARNAT.2020.“ProtectingtheEnvironment and Public Health inthe U.S. -Mexico Border Region.”https://www.gob.mx/cms/uploads/attachment/file/300437/folleto_version_english.pdf.
SEMARNAT. 2016. “Border2020Highlight Report.”https://www.gob.mx/cms/uploads/attachment/file/184354/highlight
U.S.DepartmentofTransportation.2021. “U.S.-MexicanBorderLand-FreightGateways:NumberofIncoming TruckorRailContainerCrossings.”https://www.bts.gov/content/us-mexican-border-land-freight-gateways-number-incoming-truck-or-rail-container-crossings.
UnitedNations.n.d.“ReportoftheWorld Commission onEnvironment andDevelopment:OurCommonFuture.”https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/5987our-common-future.pdf.
